在学术Essay写作中，你写作的目的又是什么呢？很多情况下是为了去 respond to a point，你自己的 point （thesis）固然很重要，但是要告诉读者，是什么激发了你的观点，你的观点是针对其他学者的什么研究而写？其实就是要提供研究的大背景（context），在文章的开头去 justify 你的研究意义。举个简单的例子，就好像你在写托福独立作文的时候，会说”社会上越来越多的人对这个话题开始进行激烈的辩论“，这边其实就是你写作的 reason，就是大背景。当然正真的学术写作并没有那么简单，要摄入一个领域，你首先要去了解在这个领域的学者们都在说些什么（要对他们的 paper 进行观点总结、综合），然后在他们的观点基础上进行提出自己的观点（可以使反对、可以是补充完善等）。
所以在写argument Essay的时候，要提到别人在说什么 （what others are saying，其实就是总结别人在说什么），然后再介绍自己的观点。诚然，这并不是所有议论文的结构，但是对于初学者来说，要掌握这个能力。罗格斯（Rutgers University）的写作课（特别是使用 Points of Departure 这本教材）就很重视这种能力的训练，他们会让学生去看两篇名家写的文章，然后要求写 response，老师一般会要求在第一段里面就要简单总结出两篇作者的相关观点，然后第一段最后一句话写出自己的观点（thesis statement）。在正文部分，再讲自己观点的时候，还要和两篇文章的观点进行详细的 interact。
这边举一个 George Orwell "Politics and the English Language" 的例子：
Most people who bother with the matter at all would admit that the English language is in a bad way, but it is generally assumed that we cannot by conscious action do anything about it. Our civilization is decadent and our language — so the argument runs — must inevitably share in the general collapse....
[But] the process is reversible. Modern English, especially written English, is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and which can be avoided if one is willing to take the necessary trouble.
这边 Orwell 其实就是在说：”Most people assume that we cannot do anything about the bad state of the English language. But I say we can.“
当然，文章开头的方式有很多，比如说，讲一个相关的小故事、引言、相关的事实数据等，但是无论怎样，一定要快速联系到你的观点。
→ 几个介绍”They Say“的句型结构：
A number of sociologists have recently suggested that X's work has several fundamental problems.
It has become common today to dismiss .
In their recent work, Y and Z have offered harsh critiques of for .
→ 几个介绍常识或者共识的巨型结构 (常识一般不需要引用)：
Americans have always believed that individual effort can triumph over circumstances.
Conventional wisdom has it that .
Common sense seems to dictate that .
The standard way of thinking about topic X has it that .
Many people assume that .
→ 两个介绍当下争论的句型结构：
In discussions of X, one controversial issue has been . On the one hand, argues . On the other hand, contends . Others even maintain . My own view is .
When it comes to the topic of , most of us will readily agree that . Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of . Whereas some are convinced that , others maintain that .
在正文中，还要时不时提醒读者，你的作文是在 respond to other ideas, 可以用下面这个句型结构来提醒：
In conlusion, then, as I suggested earlier, defenders of cannot have it both ways. Their assertion that is contradicted by their claim that .
HotEssay擅长各种形式的论文写作，涵盖了商科、会计、金融、统计、旅游、教育、人力资源等诸多学术领域，专业提供留学生Essay代写服务有较长的历史，无论是在论辩论文、专题论文、综述论文等论文代写有非常丰富的经验。HotEssay将会用认真负责的态度为您提供高品质的论文和高质量的服务！
