在上一篇文章《例析留学生论文写作如何通过研习句法杜绝错误》当中我们给大家通过举例为大家分析了如何通过研习句法来杜绝留学文论文写作的一些错误，今天HotEssay就整理了一些在英文论文写作中比较常见的重复性表达，我们都知道简洁性是英文论文的写作原则，除了去掉一些冗余的词之外，还要做到的是在写作中要减少或避免重复性表达，本文中我们还是通过一些实例来为大家分析哪些属于重复性表达。

例①：The results are plotted graphically. . .
        改进：The results are plotted ...
        分析：plot本身就是作图的意思，所以graphically可以去掉。如果要用graphically，可以写成：The results are represented graphically. . .，但这显然没有The results are plotted ...简洁。
        顺便提一下，表示“绘制”和survival curves搭配的动词如下：
        To generate survival curves
        To plot survival curves
        To construct survival curves
        例②：This arrangement avoids the rebreathing of previously exhaled gases  ...
        改进：This arrangement avoids rebreathing  ...
        分析：rebreathing的意思就是吸入已经呼出的气体，所以This arrangement avoids rebreathing  ...即可。
        例③：. . .fully complies with the requirements needed in . . .
        改进：. . .fully complies with the requirements in . . .
        分析：requirement和need意思相近，可以去掉needed。
        例④：. . .operations of varying magnitude, ranging from simple drainage to a full laparotomy.
        改进：. . .operations from simple drainage to a full laparotomy.
        分析：“of varying magnitude”、“ranging”和 “from...to...”都是关于范围的表达，可以简化成：operations from simple drainage to a full laparotomy。
        例⑤：It is possible that our results might have been better had we. . .
        改进：Our results might have been better had we. . .
        分析：“It is possible that ”和“might”意思相同，二者取其一即可。
        例⑥：Myoclonus and myelinolysis may follow as sequelae.
        改进：Myoclonus and myelinolysis may be sequelae.
        分析：sequelae必然follow，所以可以去掉follow。

重复性表达情况2：「中英文差异」

错误：Although aspirin is effective in RA, but it offers no therapeutic benefit in AS.
        正确：Although aspirin is effective in RA, it offers no therapeutic benefit in AS. 或 Aspirin is effective in RA, but it offers no therapeutic benefit in AS.
        分析：“虽然……，但是……"是中文里的常用表达，但是在英文里只能二者取其一。
        错误：In addition, some patients also received potassium supplements.
        正确：In addition, some patients received potassium supplements.
        分析：中文里，我们会说“此外，部分患者还服用了钾补充剂”，但在英文中，“in addition”和“also”二者取其一即可。
        错误：Recent studies have shown that mast cells store and release proinflammatory cytokines including IL-4, IL-6, etc.
        正确：Recent studies have shown that mast cells store and release proinflammatory cytokines including IL-4 and IL-6.
        分析：在中文里，我们常说“包括……等”，但在英文里，including/such as和etc.不能同时出现。因为including/such as后面接部分内容，表示除了列举出的内容以外还有其他内容，而etc.也一样，表示省略了部分内容，所以二者取其一即可。

重复性表达情况3：「同样的单词多次出现」

例①：Two patientshad type I, 7 had type II, and 1 had type IIIMirizzi syndrome.
        为了避免重复，可以仅在句末写出疾病名称。此外，除了一开始有patients，后面都省略了patients。
        例②：A total of 29 patients completed laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and they all had type I or II Mirizzi syndrome. One patient with type II disease underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy and common bile duct exploration. Two patients with type III or IV disease were converted to open surgery; the type III patient underwent bile duct end-to-end anastomosis, and the type IV patient underwent choledochoenterostomy.
        根据情况变换表达形式，如：type * Mirizzi syndrome、patient with type * disease和type * patient。
        例③：Of all patients, 26 showed a complete response,12 showed a partial response, and 5 showed no response.
        除了一开始用了patients，后面把patients全部省略，避免了多次出现patients而显得冗长啰嗦。
        例④：LdT is effective in controlling hepatitis activity in pregnant women with CHB, as it rapidly decreases HBV DNA levels and reduces mother-to-infant transmission of HBV.Its use is therefore beneficial to both mothers and infants.
        用代词指代之前的LdT，从而避免了重复性表达。
        例⑤：Local recurrence was found in 10 patients and metastasis in 11 patients.
        这种句型可以只用一次“was found”，不会影响句意的表达。

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